Latest Publications

Development of a single stage roselle calyx extractor

An 8-litre capacity roselle calyx extractor was developed with Arduino based temperature controls ranging from 30 to 100?C. Performance evaluation conducted on the extractor showed that efficiency of the extractor increased as the weight of the calyces decreased at constant mass of water which ranged from 55% to 89%. The effect of extraction time (5, 10 and 15 minutes), process temperature (30, 50, 75 and 100?C) and calyx-water mass ratio (1:50, 1:20 and 1:10) on the pH, density and colour of t…

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Optimization of Anthocyanin Extraction from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Calyces: RSM, Kinetic Modelling, Mass Transfer and Thermodynamic Studies

Roselle calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are becoming very important in the food and beverage industry, especially because of the presence of anthocyanin which is an antioxidant responsible for their red colour. The effect of processing parameters such as contact time, temperature and calyx-water ratio on the anthocyanin content of roselle calyces extract was studied and optimized along with evaluation of kinetic models, mass transfer and thermodynamic parameters. Extraction kinetics for anthocyan…

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PYRAMIDAL PASSIVE SOLAR DESALINATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

Performance evaluation of a pyramidal passive solar desalination system was undertaken atthe National Centre for Energy Research and Development (NCERD), University of Nigeria,Nsukka lat. 6.8oN and long. 7.29oE Nigeria using saline water samples collected from Uburuand Okposi salt lakes respectively. The solar desalination system was constructed with localavailable materials made of wooden materials and rapped in galvanized metal sheet. Thesystem has the capacity of recovering salt from …

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Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Trombe Wall Poultry Day-Old Chick Brooding House

The recent increasing interest shown in passive solar heating is motivated by their capacity of providing thermal comfort and energy saving. Among the passive solar heating, Trombe wall system has aroused great attraction for its simple design. This is because Trombe wall system could be easily adopted in animal husbandry. As a consequence, its use is encouraged in commercial poultry day old chicks production systems. In this study a passive solar heating system using Trombe wall for poultry da…

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Impacts of Climate Change on Environment and the Remedies

World's global climate has been changing for many decades now. Natural events and human activities are the major contributors of climate change. The impacts are manifest through the adverse effects posed on environmental temperature rise, extinction of wild animals, status change in water resources availability, agriculture, vegetation, air quality and sea level. These are critically influenced by climate change and variability. Many studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPC…

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Numerical modeling of Trombe wall solar chick brooder for optimal poultry production

Poultry brooding requires optimal provision of heat, medication, water and feed on abuilt environment deep litter for day-old chick. This built environment (Trombe wall solar chick brooder) has been developed but has not been numerically modeled and validated. Therefore, numerical modeling, simulation and validation are carried out on Trombe wall solar chick brooder. Predictive linear differential equations based on physical, mathematical principles and relationships governing thermo-physical p…

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Performance evaluation of mixed mode passive solar stock fish dryer

The performance evaluation of Mixed-Mode Passive Solar Dryer for drying codfish (Gadusmorhua) was conducted. The dryer is comprised of among other things, materials for sensible heat storage to discharge heat during the off-sunshine period. The drying chamber is integrated with a suction device to aid the convective airflow to avoid reversible reaction during the discharge of accumulated moisture. The solar dryer was evaluated with fresh codfish samples at the initial moisture content of 79% (w…

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Socio-Economic Importance of Solar Energy Application in Poultry Production System

Solar energy is a renewable, inexhaustible and affordable form of energy that could help mitigate climate change in poultry production systems. Its application as an emerging technology in poultry production systems is not common among the Nigerian poultry farmers. This paper presents a survey of poultry farms in Enugu State, Southeast, Nigeria. The purpose of the survey was to ascertain the status of solar energy application in Poultry production systems in the state. A …

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A survey questionnaire of cashew nuts processing methods in Enugu state

Technical investigation on the method and constraints on cashew nuts processing in Enugu state of Nigeria was carried out and a survey made involving the use of questionnaire and personal interview during the field trips. The aim was to technically investigate the difficulties encounter in cashew nuts processing in Enugu State and suggest the means of improving on the difficulties. The manual and mechanical methods of processing cashew nuts were investigated. From the result of the survey, it w…

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Determination of Cashew Juice specie's Shelf-Life at Natural Storage Using Multivariate Regression Model

There is an inevitable decline in quality value especially the ascorbic acid in preserving cashew apple juice. The maximum shelf life of a red sample of cashew apple juice was estimated and the quality value multivariate regression model was developed. Data were drawn from 3 4 full factorial experiments conducted in three replicates with the order of the replicates randomized. The model developed for the sample of cashew fruit juice revealed that pH and duration of storage with other interactio…

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Development of a modified environment for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production system for rural use in Southeast Nigeria

This study investigated a Pleurotus ostreatus production in Nsukka, Nigeria, using the locally available materials. A modified controlled environmental system capable of maintaining the micro elements (temperature and relative humidity) suitable for cultivation of oyster mushroom was developed. The system was tested using substrates of biomaterial origin (saw dust and rice bran) at different levels of treatments. The substrates used were fermented sawdust supplemented with rice bran at a spawni…

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Proximate, Microbial and Sensory Properties of Moi-Moi Produced with Crayfish and Grasshopper.

The research assessed the proximate, microbial and sensory properties of moi-moi produced with crayfish and grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus). Cowpea seed, crayfish and grasshoppers were processed into flours using standard procedures. Cowpea-crayfish flour and cowpea-grasshopper flour were formulated with the ratios: 90:10, 85:15, 80:20 and 75:25 respectively. Proximate properties showed the range of values for Protein: 5.50-12.80, Fat: 5.27-8.07%, Carbohydrate: 28.30-…

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Determination of the calorific value of municipal solid waste in enugu, nigeria and its potential for electricity generation

The work aimed at determination of calorific value of municipal solid waste in Enugu, Nigeria and its potential for electricity generation. Random truck sampling was used according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in the collection of samples at Ugwuaji landfill site, Enugu, Nigeria and calorific value was determined using oxygen bomb calorimeter. Enugu has a present population of 882,178 and the amount of municipal solid waste generated in Enugu was estimated to be …

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Effect of Drying Temperatures on the Vitamin C Content of Pineapple Fruit (Ananas comosus)

In this study, the effect of processing and drying temperature on the Vitamin C content of pineapples using an electric oven as a case study was done. Samples of fresh pineapple fruit were dried to equilibrium moisture content under di erent constant oven temperatures ranging from 40°C to 70°C and under open air sun drying using the fresh sample as a control. Vitamin C analysis of the fresh pineapple and dried samples were then carried out. The results showed a signi cant di erence (? = 0.05) i…

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Evaluation studies of a mixed mode solar kiln with phase change material and distributed-type solar kiln

Comparatively, efficiency of mixed-mode solar kiln is lower than distributed type. • Kiln with PCM as storage medium showed all-time higher temperatures than ambient. • Mixed-mode and distributed kiln performs better in the day and night respectively. A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Paraffin Kiln Solar Collector Temperature A B S T R A C T The passive thermal performance of a distributed and mixed-mode model solar kiln was compared in the present study. The two kilns were made of double glazed …

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Evaluation studies of a mixed mode solar kiln with phase change material and distributed-type solar kiln

The passive thermal performance of a distributed and mixed-mode model solar kiln was compared in the present study. The two kilns were made of double glazed flat plate thermal collector in which paraffin was used as the thermal storage medium. The range of ambient temperatures and daily radiation during the period when the study was carried out were 18.3–33.2 °C and 11.8–20.9 MJ m-2 respectively. The study revealed a peak cumulative efficiency of 44.3% and 40.7% for distributed kiln and 40.7% f…

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Optimization of Temperature, Packaging Materials and Time onthe Proximate Compositions of Bambara Nut Flour

Background and Objective: Most diabetic patients in Nigeria rely on Bambara nut flour as food because of its insulin building ability inthe body system, but the challenge is its unavailability all-year-round in the market outlets when needed. The objective of this study wasto use response surface methodology to optimized temperature, packaging material and storage time for Bambara nut flour storage.Materials and Methods: Bambara nut was grounded to the flour and packaged in a high-density polyt…

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Performance study of a solar poultry egg incubator with phase change heat storage subsystem

The performance evaluation of a hybrid solar powered poultry egg incubator is presented in this study. The system consists of a double-glazed flat plate solar collector integrated with a paraffin type phase change material energy storage subsystem and incorporated with a PV subsystem. Results of the study showed that the chamber temperature was within the range of between 36- 39 °C and relative humidity of 50–75%. The temperature ranges of between 42-106 °C and 38–99 °C respectively were observ…

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Performance study of a solar poultry egg incubator with phase change heat storage subsystem

The performance evaluation of a hybrid solar powered poultry egg incubator is presented in this study. The system consists of a double-glazed flat plate solar collector integrated with a paraffin type phase change material energy storage subsystem and incorporated with a PV subsystem. Results of the study showed that the chamber temperature was within the range of between 36- 39 °C and relative humidity of 50–75%. The temperature ranges of between 42-106 °C and 38–99 °C respectively were observ…

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Studies on the Growth Rate, Oil Yield and Properties of Some Indigenous Freshwater Microalgae Species

Freshwater bodies within Nsukka, Nigeria had been shown to be rich in indigenous strains of Desmodesmus armatus, Desmodesmus subspicatus, Chlorella lewinii, Dictyosphaerium sp. and Cosmarium sp. with outstanding growth and bio-oil characteristics. Objective of this study was to undertake studies on the growth rate, oil yield and properties of some indigenous fresh water microalgae species, for biodiesel applications. Materials and Methods: Microalgae species were isolated from freshwater poo…

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The effect of deteriorative factors on the ascorbic acid level of cashew fruit juice during non-refrigerated storage

Ascorbic acid of cashew apple juice is the major factor used to determine the juice nutrients. It is oxidized easily and the concentration is an index to the retention of the original nutritive quality value. The factors that reduce the ascorbic acid of red and yellow samples of cashew apple juice were estimated and the quality value models based on these factors were developed. It was found that appropriate combination these factors led to satisfactory quality control of ascorbic acid reductio…

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Experimental Determination of the Drying Rate of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma Cocoa)

Equal samples of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) were dried under two different conditions: open-air sun drying method and by using a solar dryer. Their respective weight losses were used to determine the reduction in moisture contents. Drying was assumed to have taken place in the falling rate period, which enabled the use of only one drying rate constant. Graphs of ln(Mo – M) versus time were plotted in each case and used to obtain the drying rate constant, K for the two drying conditions. This…

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Modeling the thin Layer Drying Kinetics of Cocoa Beans in a Passive Solar Dryer and under Open Sun

Drying experiments were conducted on cocoa beans using a mixed mode passive solar dryer and open sun drying methods. The drying data obtained from the experiments were fitted into ten different published thin layer drying models. The performance of these models was examined by comparing the coefficient of correlation (R2), reduced Chi-square () and root mean square error (RMSE) between the experimental and predicted values of moisture ratios. Among these models, the Midili-Kucuk model showed go…

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Stability analysis of equilibrium for Trombe wall solar chick brooder

Trombe wall solar chick brooder was developed for 150-200 birds’ capacity. System evaluation as well as stability and equilibrium analysis were carried out. A set of linear differential equations were formulated that described the dynamic modeling of Trombe wall solar chick brooder for optimal poultry production. The descriptive models were referred to as system control. The model was transformed into Jacobian matrix and solved for stability and equilibrium. Further tests for stability using Ro…

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Study of a passive solar air heater using palm oil and paraffin as storage media

This study evaluated a passive solar air heater using different storage media. The heater, which is very useful in low temperature applications like agricultural produce drying and heating of buildings, is made up of a double-glaze solar thermal collector of a flat plate type coupled with thermal storage medium. The heater was replicated using paraffin and palm oil as storage medium for systems 'a' and 'b' respectively. The evaluation of the systems without load under 24-h periods were carried …

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Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Trombe Wall Poultry Chick Brooding House

In this study a Trombe wall powered poultry brooding house capable of handling 2000 day old chicks for a period of five weeks brooding period was designed, constructed and the performance evaluation conducted at National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria latitude 6o 56N. The major components of the poultry brooding house were a Trombe wall system measuring 10 m x 8.08 m with 0.25 m thick wall for solar energy collection and storage and a floor ar…

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Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Portable Hand-Held Refractometer

Refractometer is a simple optical instrument that measures the amount of light refracted in a liquid. It measures on a" Brix" scale and the Brix level determines the flavor and quality of fruits and vegetables. The fabricated refractometer has built-in temperature compensations for Brix measurements and it is only valid for fruit juices solutions The refractometer is equipped with a thermometer and there is a means of circulating water through the refractometer to maintain a given temperature T…

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Development of a Prediction Model for Household Solid Waste Generation and Management in an Emerging Urban Area.

Accurate prediction of household solid waste (HSW) generation is essential for improved solid waste management system. Modeling techniques are useful for successful and accurate prediction of HSW generation in municipalities. Two different models for predicting generation rate of HSW and the Organic fraction of household solid waste (OFHSW) for individual households of the city of Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria were developed using multiple linear regression technique. The predictor variables in t…

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Effects of roasting on the physical properties of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg)

Changes in the physical properties of Monodora myristica seeds during roasting were investigated. Roasting parameters which include the roasting temperature at three levels (140, 170 and 200o C) and roasting time at four levels (2, 7, 12 and 17 min.) were employed resulting in a 3 x 4 factorial experiment. The physical properties of the seeds investigated include the size, shape, volume, bulk and solid density, porosity, surface area, specific surface area, angle of repose and the st…

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Energy performance of biomass cookstoves using fuel briquettes

In this study, the energy performance of an improved cookstove (ICS) is evaluated and compared with the performance of a charcoal stove and the three-stone fire using two biomass fuel – rice husk and sawdust briquettes. The performance of the cookstoves is evaluated based on the standard testing protocol of water boiling test in three phases – cold start, hot start and simmering. The energy performance of the cookstoves is compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the study sh…

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Design and Analysis of a Multipoint Temperature Datalogger

In this work, a low cost six- multipoint temperature data logger was developed. It was designed using LM35 as the sensor, and arduino Uno as the data processing element. The response time of the sensor was observed to be between three and four minutes. The comparative evaluation of the system with other established thermometers show that no two temperature meters gave the same values. However the most important thing is that all the systems recorded the same temperature flow pattern. This indic…

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IMPACT OF SOLAR AND KEROSENE STOVE BROODING METHODS ON GROWTH RATE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKEN

The study compared the growth performance and haematology of broilers raised under solar and kerosene stove brooding systems. A total of 100 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups (A and B) of 50 birds each. Chicks in group A were placed in the solar brooder while those in group B were placed under the kerosene stove brooding method. The birds in each group were weighed weekly and their feed intake determined daily. At the 6 th week, 3 ml of blood was collected from 5 birds…

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Characterization of a Fibre Reinforced Plastic Concentrating solar cooker

Materials remain the most vital input in engineering construction. Many materials exist for solar cooker fabrication. But much is not known of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) material in solar cooker fabrication more especially in Nigeria. A concentrating solar energy cooker was designed, constructed and characterized at the National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, lat 6.8oN and long.7.29oE Nigeria. The study involved construction of mold and a scra…

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DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MAGNETIC SIEVE GRINDING MACHINE

The use of grinding machine is one of the simplest methods of processing agricultural raw materials alternative to the traditional methods of grain/tuber processing using stone, mortar and pestle. However, machines constructed using metal plates results in tearing and wearing away of the materials of construction. The effect of this is the contamination of the processed foodstuff. This is known to have negative health implications when accumulated and consumed in large quantities. In this study…

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The Role of Unit Operations in Agricultural Products Processing

At the time of harvest, most foods are likely to contain contaminants, to have components which are inedible or to have variable physical characteristics (for example shape, size or colour). It is therefore necessary to perform one or more of the unit operations of cleaning, sorting, grading or peeling to ensure that foods with a uniformly high quality are prepared for subsequent processing. This paper examines the role of unit operations in agricultural products processing. The study a…

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Solar Crop Drying - A Viable Tool for Agricultural Sustainability and Food Security

One of the most important potential applications of solar energy is the solar drying of agricultural products. Losses of fruits and vegetables during their drying in developing countries are estimated to be 30–40% of production. The postharvest losses of agricultural products in the rural areas of the developing countries can be reduced drastically by using well-designed solar drying systems. Solar drying is becoming a popular option to replace mechanical thermal dryers owing to the h…

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Evaporative cooling: A postharvest technology for fruits and vegetables preservation

The quality and storage life of fruits and vegetables may be seriously compromised within a few hours of harvest unless the crop has been cooled promptly to control deterioration. The major problem during storage is the change in the quality parameters of the produce especially the physical characteristics such as; the color, texture, and freshness in which the price sometimes depend on. In order to extend the shelf life, fruits and vegetables need to be properly stored. Proper storage …

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Characterization of a Photovoltaic Powered Poultry Egg Incubator

Poultry egg incubation plays an important role in the overall poultry production system especially during the day old chick development. In Nigeria, poultry production is a lucrative business but lack of commercially owned hatchery machines hinder the expansion and make poultry products for instance day old chicks costly more especially in the south eastern part of Nigeria. Presently, few commercially owned poultry hatcheries in Nigeria are located distance far away in the western and no…

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Development and evaluation of a solar powered rice packaging machine

To enhance the marketability of locally produced rice in Nigeria, a machine for cutting and sealing polythene for rice packaging was developed. The machine incorporates a regulator switch which ensures that current flows to the heating element only when the pedal which operates the sealing is matched. This feature reduces the energy requirement of the machine as well as prolongs the life of the heating element. This energy saving feature makes its adaptability to solar photovoltaic (P…

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EXPLORING THE PHOTO SENSITIVITIES OF Mimosa Pudica FOR SOLAR CELL PRODUCTION

The aim of the research is to investigate the possibility of generating electricity from extract of Mimosa pudica leaves and to design a ‘mimosa accumulator’ to store the energy obtainable from the Mimosa pudica isolates. The leaves were dried in the oven, pulverized to enhance extraction with light petroleum and aqueous methanol. Fractions of chlorophyll a and b were separated. The second half of the pulverized leaves was placed in the muffle furnace to remove organic insulators. The as…

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Experimental study of a thermosyphon solar water heater coupled to a fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) storage tank

The thermal performance of the thermosyphon solar water heater was analyzed to show its applicability in a tropical climate using data of cloudy, sunny and hazy days. The average daily efficiency of the parallel-connected module, ranged between 35 and 40%. Also, an analysis of the temperature storage characteristics of a novel fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) storage tank was undertaken. The inlet andoutlet positions were determined using the recommendation of Simon and Wenxian [1]: the optional …

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The Influence of Different Solar Drying Systems on the Vitamin Content of Pawpaw (Carica ppaya)

Ripe pawpaw was peeled, chipped and dried. Samples of the pawpaw were dried under four different conditions: open-air sun drying method and by using three different models of integral passive solar dryers which include Green house solar dryer, Sun-tracking solar dryer and Latitudinal box solar dryer. The fresh pawpaw samples and the dried samples were analysed for vitamins A, B1, B2, C and E. The results showed a significant difference in the concentrations of Vitamins A, B1, B2, C and E …

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Solar Enhanced Wastewater Treatment in Waste Stabilization Ponds

One of the most popular off-site wastewater treatment plants used in the tropics is the waste stabilization pond (WSP). Although it has several advantages, its use in urban areas is limited because of its large land area requirement. Hence, this research is aimed at investigating if a solar-enhanced WSP (SEWSP) can increase treatment efficiency and consequently reduce the land area requirement. The SEWSPs of varying sizes, made of a metallic tank with inlet and outlet valves and a solar reflect…

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Effect of an Absorptive Coating on Solar Energy Storage in a Thrombe wall system

An analysis is undertaken to show the effects of a range of coating absorptivity values on the improvement of heat transfer across a Trombe wall (which is used for passive solar heating) and to its enclosure. The analysis shows that enhanced heat delivery to the enclosure of a Trombe wall system is feasible with the application of an absorptive coating of a superior nature – characterized by high absorptivity and very low emissivity – on the heat-receiving surface of the wall and thus can be se…

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OIL EXTRACTION FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED USING MECHANICAL AND SOLVENT METHODS

This study evaluated the comparative analysis of oil extraction from Moringa oleifera seed using mechanical and solvent methods. Moringa is regarded as nutritive and medicinal source available in the tropics whose seeds possess inherently rich vegetable oil. The seeds for the investigations were obtained locally from market in Enugu state. 120g of the Moringa seeds were used. The seeds were also subjected to proximate analysis to ascertain the physicochemical properties. Thereafter, the seeds w…

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Trombe Wall System for Poultry Brooding

Performance evaluation of a Trombe wall powered poultry house for brooding day-old chicks was undertaken. The poultry house consists of a Trombe wall for solar energy collection and storage, a brooding room having a floor area measuring 6.6m<SUP>2</SUP>. The house was tested experimentally with poultry day-old chicks under University of Nigeria, Nsukka, weather, over the ambient environmental temperature range of 18-37<SUP>o</SUP>C and daily global irradiance of 5.7-904W/m<SUP>2</SUP> for a per…

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PEBBLE BED SOLAR CROP DRYER

The design, development and test performance evaluation of an integrated of passive solar energy crop drying system was undertaken. The solar crop dryer consists of an imbedded pebble bed solar heat storage unit/solar collector and crop drying chamber measuring 67 cm x 110 cm x 21cm and 50 cm x 90 cm respectively. The crop-drying chamber is made of drying trays of wire gauze while the roof is made of transparent glazing. Test performance evaluation of the solar crop dryer indicates that maximum…

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